Revista Kritiku kona Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial:
“Kumprensaun kona ba ligasaun entre Dezenvolvementu no Mudansa Klimatika”
Hakerek Nain: Tomas Freitas
Introdusaun
Bazeia Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010, mudansa klimatika fo impaktu makás ba kresimentu ekonomia nasaun dezenvolvidu no nasaun mak foin atu dezenvolve. Impaktu bot liu ba nasaun foin atu dezenvolve án, tamba nasaun sira nè nakloke liu ba supreza klimatika ho kapasidade adaptasaun nebe minimu, ho razaun hirak nè persija asaun urjente hodi minimiza mudansa klimatika (Banku Mundial, 2010).
Relatoriu ne deskreve faktus barak kona ba implikasaun husi mudansa klimatika, inklui udan-ben menus no afekta produsaun ai-han, redusaun aqua iha antartica (glacier plateus), temperatura ás afekta mos aumentasaun numero malaria no dengue, inklui extraordinario anin fuik no be’e sae iha fatin bar-barak, buat hirak ne hotu afekta financiamentu prevensaun dezastre naturais. Relatoriu ne diskuti mos typu politika prevensaun (Mitigation policy) nebe bele redus temperature global (global warming), liu husi imposto verde (green taxes), projeitus hydro-electriku (Hydro-Power) no biofuels ka ethanol ho ninian material prima mai husi produsaun ai-han batar no ai-horis seluk. Analiza husi relatoriu ne hatudu katak politika rekomendasaun ba redusaun mudansa klimatika dezenũ atu hodi integra konseitu neoliberal ho orientasaun merkadu livre.
Essay ne atu fo evaluasaun kritiku liu husi perspektiva politika ekonomia, no mos sei analiza konteudu no rekomendasaun nebe relata husi relatoriu ne. Relatoriu ne mos deskreve asunto balun inklui; equivalencia forca de kompra (purchasing power parity) husi sociadade mediu klase (affluent society), forca husi instituisaun no kompania, partisipasaun feto iha inovasaun, seguransa ai-han, potensialidade projeitus hydro-elektriku relasiona ho deve no politika ajustamentu struktural (structural adjustment policies), enlargamentu non-sufiesente produsaun ai-horis hanesan plantasaun tohu (sugarcane); no introdusaun impostu verde.
Haketak tiha faktus nebe hakerek, relatoriu ne mos hato’o dadus relasiona ho kontribuisaun individual hafoer oxygene (green gas houses emissions) bazeia ba nasaun ho rendimentu ekonomia; altu, medio no baixo, ho ijemplu hatudu iha figura 1.1. Realidade hatudu katak, nasaun ho rendimentu altu hanesan Australia, Canada no Estadus Unidos sai primeiru, segundu no terceiru lugar (top three) mak hafoer makás oxygene liu husi gas emisaun. Hare’e ba kontribuisaun gas foer (gas emission) husi nasaun rendimentu altu kompara ho nasaun rendimentu mediu no baixo, ninian inkonsistensia ne razoavel tebes, tamba nasaun ho rendimentu altu iha kapasidade as liu in-termus sira nian equivalencia forca de kompra wainhira kompara ho nasaun sira seluk. Ne signifika katak komprador ka konsumidor ho rendimentu ás, sei iha opsaun barak hodi hili no sosa sasan bazeia ninian interese. Iha situasaun ne posibilidade bot liu hodi aplika teoria neoclassiku (neoclassical theory); hanesan rasionalidade konsumidor (consumer rationality) no utilizasaun maximu (utility maximisation), signifika katak preferensia no kunyesementu sasan, sei fo satisfasaun ba konsumidor hodi gasta sira nian osan restu (disposal income), (Stilwell, 2002).
Tabela kraik, deskreve porsentazem bot hat husi produsaun gas foer (emissions) iha atmosfer, bazeia relatoriu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007.
“Kumprensaun kona ba ligasaun entre Dezenvolvementu no Mudansa Klimatika”
Hakerek Nain: Tomas Freitas
Introdusaun
Bazeia Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010, mudansa klimatika fo impaktu makás ba kresimentu ekonomia nasaun dezenvolvidu no nasaun mak foin atu dezenvolve. Impaktu bot liu ba nasaun foin atu dezenvolve án, tamba nasaun sira nè nakloke liu ba supreza klimatika ho kapasidade adaptasaun nebe minimu, ho razaun hirak nè persija asaun urjente hodi minimiza mudansa klimatika (Banku Mundial, 2010).
Relatoriu ne deskreve faktus barak kona ba implikasaun husi mudansa klimatika, inklui udan-ben menus no afekta produsaun ai-han, redusaun aqua iha antartica (glacier plateus), temperatura ás afekta mos aumentasaun numero malaria no dengue, inklui extraordinario anin fuik no be’e sae iha fatin bar-barak, buat hirak ne hotu afekta financiamentu prevensaun dezastre naturais. Relatoriu ne diskuti mos typu politika prevensaun (Mitigation policy) nebe bele redus temperature global (global warming), liu husi imposto verde (green taxes), projeitus hydro-electriku (Hydro-Power) no biofuels ka ethanol ho ninian material prima mai husi produsaun ai-han batar no ai-horis seluk. Analiza husi relatoriu ne hatudu katak politika rekomendasaun ba redusaun mudansa klimatika dezenũ atu hodi integra konseitu neoliberal ho orientasaun merkadu livre.
Essay ne atu fo evaluasaun kritiku liu husi perspektiva politika ekonomia, no mos sei analiza konteudu no rekomendasaun nebe relata husi relatoriu ne. Relatoriu ne mos deskreve asunto balun inklui; equivalencia forca de kompra (purchasing power parity) husi sociadade mediu klase (affluent society), forca husi instituisaun no kompania, partisipasaun feto iha inovasaun, seguransa ai-han, potensialidade projeitus hydro-elektriku relasiona ho deve no politika ajustamentu struktural (structural adjustment policies), enlargamentu non-sufiesente produsaun ai-horis hanesan plantasaun tohu (sugarcane); no introdusaun impostu verde.
Haketak tiha faktus nebe hakerek, relatoriu ne mos hato’o dadus relasiona ho kontribuisaun individual hafoer oxygene (green gas houses emissions) bazeia ba nasaun ho rendimentu ekonomia; altu, medio no baixo, ho ijemplu hatudu iha figura 1.1. Realidade hatudu katak, nasaun ho rendimentu altu hanesan Australia, Canada no Estadus Unidos sai primeiru, segundu no terceiru lugar (top three) mak hafoer makás oxygene liu husi gas emisaun. Hare’e ba kontribuisaun gas foer (gas emission) husi nasaun rendimentu altu kompara ho nasaun rendimentu mediu no baixo, ninian inkonsistensia ne razoavel tebes, tamba nasaun ho rendimentu altu iha kapasidade as liu in-termus sira nian equivalencia forca de kompra wainhira kompara ho nasaun sira seluk. Ne signifika katak komprador ka konsumidor ho rendimentu ás, sei iha opsaun barak hodi hili no sosa sasan bazeia ninian interese. Iha situasaun ne posibilidade bot liu hodi aplika teoria neoclassiku (neoclassical theory); hanesan rasionalidade konsumidor (consumer rationality) no utilizasaun maximu (utility maximisation), signifika katak preferensia no kunyesementu sasan, sei fo satisfasaun ba konsumidor hodi gasta sira nian osan restu (disposal income), (Stilwell, 2002).
Tabela kraik, deskreve porsentazem bot hat husi produsaun gas foer (emissions) iha atmosfer, bazeia relatoriu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007.
Fontes: Relatori IPCC (2007) and Earth Reform (2012)
Sekuandu hare tabela leten, hateten klaru katak nasaun ho rendimentu ekonomia bot halo kontribuisaun gas foer ás liu iha zona oxygene (ozone), specialmente sasan ho naran (fluorinated gasses) ka kunyesidu ho naran mina morin, no mos tinta pilox iha kaleng, ne ninian veneno gas ás tebes kompara ho sasan seluk. Faktus hirak ne, hatudu katak ne tipiku konsumidores sociadade affluente, nebe adopta utilizasaun maximu husi teoria rasionalidade konsumidores. Dadus hirak ne kalkula desde era industria hadulas iha tinan 250 liu. (IPCC, 2007).
Evidensia tabela hatudu klaru kontribuisaun polusaun husi motor no kareta as liu; maibe triste Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la refere nein naran koorporasaun, ka kompania jigante mina internasional balun mak tuir lolos sai hanesan authores principal eksploitasaun (extractive) industria minarai. Haktuir professor geologist James Lawrence Powel, koalisaun primeiru deskonkorda ho konseitu manas global (global warming) mai husi Global Climate Coalition funda husi Kompanias Exxon Mobile, Chevron, Shell, Texaco, American Petroleum Institute, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Amoco, American Forest and Paper Association and U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Koalisaun ne halo kampanye makás kontra Kyoto Protocol (Powel, 2011, Chapter, 9). Perguntas mosu, tansa Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la mensiona naran husi kompania jigante sira ne?
Hanesan hakerek iha relatoriu box 1.1, relatoriu ne spesifikamente tane ás partisipasaun feto iha seitor produktivo hotu, ijemplu; partisipasaun feto iha manajementu dezastre naturais nebe akontese iha La Masica-Honduras, partisipasaun feto ba asuntu inovasaun manejementu rekursu de aqua iha Zammour-Tunisia, no partisipasaun feto iha kestaun seguransa ai-han no fo protesaun floresta iha nasaun Central America (Wolrd Bank, 2010).
Artiklu ida ne sei la iha intensaun atu hodi deskrimina kapasidade feto iha jestaun dezastre naturais; maibe artiklu ida ne so hakarak analiza fontes no evidensia husi Banku Mundial, nebe identik ho refleksaun epistemologista ka identik ho posisaun anti foundasionalista, signifika katak sira nian interpretasaun bazea ba ema seluk nian observasaun, buat ne David Marsh and Paul Furlong (2002) bolu ‘double hermeneutics’ ka observasaun indireita.
Informasaun kona ba partisipasaun feto iha vigilansia dezastre naturais (early warning system of disaster management) iha La Masica Honduras depois dezastre anin fuik (Hurricane Mitch) tinan 1998, informasaun ne la klaru. Aktualmente informasaun ne sita (cited) husi relatoriu ida ba fali relatoriu seluk, nebe ninian informasaun modifika oituan tiha ona atu hodi fornese interese lei nain sira seluk. Molok Banku Mundial sita informasaun ne husi World Health Organisation, WHO mos sita tutan informasaun ne husi Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), (WHO, 2005), no molok ne IADB mos sita tutan husi consultant ida, (Buvinic,1999). Maibe realidade informasaun ne la mosu iha relatoriu komunidade nian (Alonzo, 2000). Haktuir informasaun lolos, projeitu treinamentu ne hetan fundus husi governu Alemanha liu husi German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). GTZ la spesifikamente refere partisipasaun feto maibe jeralmente relatoriu ne hetan partisipasaun forte husi NGO lokal no lider lokal husi komunidade, kompostu husi feto no mane (GTZ, 2005).
Partisipasaun feto iha jestaun rekursu be’e iha Zammour, Tunisia, hanesan ijemplu inovasaun husi ferik ho tinan hitu-nulu, inventa sistema rega pateka nia-hun uza botil mamuk aqua hodi koleta udan ben. Inovasaun ne hetan suporta husi organizasaun lokal ka indizino (Indigenous), (UNESCO, 2003). Entaun mosu perguntas, oinsa ho suporta husi financiamentu mundansa klimatika?
Feto iha Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduraas, Peru no Haiti, kuda no koleta ai-hun Maya nian fuan (Maya-Nuts) nudar ai-han baziku (staple food) iha moris lor-loron. Istoria original mai husi Instituisaun Maya-Nut (2012), organizasaun ne treinu ema feto liu rihun sanulu resin-hitu (17000) no mai husi komunidade rihun ida atus rua (1200). NGO Maya-Nut funda husi aktivista floresta naran Erika Vohman. Organizasaun ne simu kondekorasaun lubuk no mos hetan fundus husi doador inklui Banku Mundial (Buffle & Vohman, 2011). Haktuir informasaun financas, total orsamentu tinan 2008 hamutuk $226,974,00 dolar amerikanu no tinan 2009 hamutuk $136,106,00 no iha tinan 2010 iha $96,694,00 no ikus liu tinan 2011 hetan fundus Hamutuk $128,991,00 (Maya Nut Institute,2012). Alokasaun fundus ladun barak, maibe servisu jestaun programa no aktividade nasaun seluk lao diak. Instituisaun ne provas katak fundus bot laós dalan hodi resolve buat hotu; no iha tempu hanesan mos organizasaun konfronta hela asuntu merkadoria, liu-liu atu oinsa faan produtu. Nudar komponente sociadade civil, instituisaun Maya-Nut liu husi website deklara katak, organizasaun ne sei buka dalan ba merkadoria alternativu, atu hodi proteze direitu produtor (Maya Nut Institution 2012). Kestaun merkadoria siempre sai opstaklu husi nasaun foin dezenvolve án, no nasaun dezenvolvidu siempre proteze sira nian agrikultor liu husi dalan subsidiu no aplika imposto ás ba importasaun ai-han husi rai liur (Khor, 2005).
Wainhira analiza partisipasaun feto iha produktividade Maya-Nut, karik mos kestiona tansa Banku Mundial hakarak suporta fundus ba aktividade hanesan ne, ho objektivu kontribuisaun mak ladun klaru. Banku Mundial karik la hanoin atu fo fundus bot, tamba merkadoria Maya-Nut ladun luan ka barak, no ninian produsaun parese seidauk prontu ba orientasaun exportasaun global, signifika katak la hanesan kafè musan ka sá nia tahan mak bele exporta ba nasaun Europea ka nasaun dezenvolvideu seluk. Ijemplu hanesan filme “The End of Poverty? Think Again”, Ministru Agrikultura Kenya, Kipruto Arap Kirwa, fo ijemplu kamponese Sudanese sira exporta Sá tahan ba Europea, nebe sosa husi Lipton no hetan prosesa e faan fali ba mundo tomak liu husi produk ikus (Diaz, 2008).
Maya-Nut mos fo impaktu positivu ba komunidade, liu-liu kestaun soverania ai-han, no mos fas parte programa merenda escolar. To’o agora ai-horis ne, so bele hetan iha ai-laran fuik iha nasaun balun Central America no Caribbean.
Historikamente, ai-horis ne sai hanesan hahan original sociadade indijinu Mayan iha tempu period Mesoamerican (Bronson, 1966). Banati tuir testimonia husi to’os nain no esklarese katak Mayan-Nut salva ona vida durante tempu funu iha El Salvador (Maya Nut Institution, 2012).
“Durante tempu funu, hau nian aman la konsege kuda batar ka halo buat seluk. Nia la konsege sai liur, inklui ami mos tamba situasaun perigozu liu. Hau nian avo feto so konsege kolekta Maya Nut iha tempu kalan wainhira ninian musan monu iha ai-nian hun besik mota ninin. Ami han matak deit Maya-Nut ne, tamba labele tau ahi sunu. Ami konsege moris no konsumu Maya-Nut iha tempu fulan ida nian laran. Ami nian avo feto salva ami liu husi Maya-Nut. Elvia Shances, Morazen, El Salvador”. (Maya Nut Institute, 2012).
Sasin iha leten, fo hanoin istoria kolonialismu mak hatudu iha filme “The End of Poverty? Think Again”, kolonialista sira kontrola rai produktivu, ijemplu; plantasaun tohù, kakao, kafè no nú no mos sel-seluk tan. Wainhira to’o tempu ku’u kafè ka silu tohù, produtu hirak ne sei tula iha ró-ahi no lori ba kolonialista nian rain (Diaz, 2008). Rai produktivu normalmente tetuk ho rai ten bokur, no dala barak bele hetan iha foho hun depois volcano, rai hansa ne perfeitu hodi kuda ai-horis ba exportasaun (Rosset, 2005). Kuandu halo komparasaun husi sasin nain, lokalidade ai-hun Maya-Nut iha ai-laran fuik no mos besik mota ninin, lojiku duni katak ai-horis ne laós produtu mak bele exporta iha tempu kolonialista (Maya Nut Institution, 2012b).
Autentikamente indika katak Maya-Nut ne ai-han original no bele sai ai-han alternativu komunidade rurais iha Central America no Caribbean, e mos bele sai hanesan vanguarda iha tempu krizi ai-han. Sekuandu ai-han ne konsege suksesu introduse ba rejiaun tomak America Latina nudar ha-han moris lor-loron, entaun ne sei sai opstaklu bot hasoru kompania jigante hanesan Monsanto. Kompania ne gosta introduse fini genetikamente modifika tiha ona (genetically modified seeds). Bareira hanesan, sei akontese ba kompania ha-han (fast-food) mai husi Estadus Unidos, Canada, Europea nebe’e gosta exporta ha-han ba nasaun America Latina. Movementu ne bele forma rezistensia hasoru monopolizasaun merkadu ai-han nebe’e mai makás husi rejiaun Norte Amerikanu. Banku Mundial lakohi suporta totalmente programa Instituisaun Maya Nut karik tamba bele kontra ai-han ‘transgenic’ mak mai husi kompania jigante sira. Banku Mundial, mesmu ajuda fundus oituan maibe nafatin hatudu ba public katak sira suporta forte aktividade feto hodi alkansa mudansa klimatika.
Bazeia mapa 1.5, politika prevensaun nebe’e koalia projeitu hydro-elektriku iha Sub-Saharan Africa. Politika ne identik ho idea Keynesian, nebe’e gasta osan barak iha infrastruktura (Stilwell, 2002). Los, hydro-elektriku hanesan enerjia alternativu, maibe investe ninian infrastrutura la baratu. Perguntas; financiamentu projeitu ne mai husi nebe? Governu Sub-Saharan foti osan iha nebe? Atu hodi investe mini hydro-elektriku ho total kapasidade produsaun energia 30 Megawatts, bazeia esperensia Timor-Leste, ho estudu kazu Ira Lalaro Hydro-elektriku sei gasta osan minimu tokon $64 to’o tokon $122. Bele hare tabela 2 okos.
Sekuandu hare tabela leten, hateten klaru katak nasaun ho rendimentu ekonomia bot halo kontribuisaun gas foer ás liu iha zona oxygene (ozone), specialmente sasan ho naran (fluorinated gasses) ka kunyesidu ho naran mina morin, no mos tinta pilox iha kaleng, ne ninian veneno gas ás tebes kompara ho sasan seluk. Faktus hirak ne, hatudu katak ne tipiku konsumidores sociadade affluente, nebe adopta utilizasaun maximu husi teoria rasionalidade konsumidores. Dadus hirak ne kalkula desde era industria hadulas iha tinan 250 liu. (IPCC, 2007).
Evidensia tabela hatudu klaru kontribuisaun polusaun husi motor no kareta as liu; maibe triste Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la refere nein naran koorporasaun, ka kompania jigante mina internasional balun mak tuir lolos sai hanesan authores principal eksploitasaun (extractive) industria minarai. Haktuir professor geologist James Lawrence Powel, koalisaun primeiru deskonkorda ho konseitu manas global (global warming) mai husi Global Climate Coalition funda husi Kompanias Exxon Mobile, Chevron, Shell, Texaco, American Petroleum Institute, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Amoco, American Forest and Paper Association and U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Koalisaun ne halo kampanye makás kontra Kyoto Protocol (Powel, 2011, Chapter, 9). Perguntas mosu, tansa Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la mensiona naran husi kompania jigante sira ne?
Hanesan hakerek iha relatoriu box 1.1, relatoriu ne spesifikamente tane ás partisipasaun feto iha seitor produktivo hotu, ijemplu; partisipasaun feto iha manajementu dezastre naturais nebe akontese iha La Masica-Honduras, partisipasaun feto ba asuntu inovasaun manejementu rekursu de aqua iha Zammour-Tunisia, no partisipasaun feto iha kestaun seguransa ai-han no fo protesaun floresta iha nasaun Central America (Wolrd Bank, 2010).
Artiklu ida ne sei la iha intensaun atu hodi deskrimina kapasidade feto iha jestaun dezastre naturais; maibe artiklu ida ne so hakarak analiza fontes no evidensia husi Banku Mundial, nebe identik ho refleksaun epistemologista ka identik ho posisaun anti foundasionalista, signifika katak sira nian interpretasaun bazea ba ema seluk nian observasaun, buat ne David Marsh and Paul Furlong (2002) bolu ‘double hermeneutics’ ka observasaun indireita.
Informasaun kona ba partisipasaun feto iha vigilansia dezastre naturais (early warning system of disaster management) iha La Masica Honduras depois dezastre anin fuik (Hurricane Mitch) tinan 1998, informasaun ne la klaru. Aktualmente informasaun ne sita (cited) husi relatoriu ida ba fali relatoriu seluk, nebe ninian informasaun modifika oituan tiha ona atu hodi fornese interese lei nain sira seluk. Molok Banku Mundial sita informasaun ne husi World Health Organisation, WHO mos sita tutan informasaun ne husi Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), (WHO, 2005), no molok ne IADB mos sita tutan husi consultant ida, (Buvinic,1999). Maibe realidade informasaun ne la mosu iha relatoriu komunidade nian (Alonzo, 2000). Haktuir informasaun lolos, projeitu treinamentu ne hetan fundus husi governu Alemanha liu husi German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). GTZ la spesifikamente refere partisipasaun feto maibe jeralmente relatoriu ne hetan partisipasaun forte husi NGO lokal no lider lokal husi komunidade, kompostu husi feto no mane (GTZ, 2005).
Partisipasaun feto iha jestaun rekursu be’e iha Zammour, Tunisia, hanesan ijemplu inovasaun husi ferik ho tinan hitu-nulu, inventa sistema rega pateka nia-hun uza botil mamuk aqua hodi koleta udan ben. Inovasaun ne hetan suporta husi organizasaun lokal ka indizino (Indigenous), (UNESCO, 2003). Entaun mosu perguntas, oinsa ho suporta husi financiamentu mundansa klimatika?
Feto iha Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduraas, Peru no Haiti, kuda no koleta ai-hun Maya nian fuan (Maya-Nuts) nudar ai-han baziku (staple food) iha moris lor-loron. Istoria original mai husi Instituisaun Maya-Nut (2012), organizasaun ne treinu ema feto liu rihun sanulu resin-hitu (17000) no mai husi komunidade rihun ida atus rua (1200). NGO Maya-Nut funda husi aktivista floresta naran Erika Vohman. Organizasaun ne simu kondekorasaun lubuk no mos hetan fundus husi doador inklui Banku Mundial (Buffle & Vohman, 2011). Haktuir informasaun financas, total orsamentu tinan 2008 hamutuk $226,974,00 dolar amerikanu no tinan 2009 hamutuk $136,106,00 no iha tinan 2010 iha $96,694,00 no ikus liu tinan 2011 hetan fundus Hamutuk $128,991,00 (Maya Nut Institute,2012). Alokasaun fundus ladun barak, maibe servisu jestaun programa no aktividade nasaun seluk lao diak. Instituisaun ne provas katak fundus bot laós dalan hodi resolve buat hotu; no iha tempu hanesan mos organizasaun konfronta hela asuntu merkadoria, liu-liu atu oinsa faan produtu. Nudar komponente sociadade civil, instituisaun Maya-Nut liu husi website deklara katak, organizasaun ne sei buka dalan ba merkadoria alternativu, atu hodi proteze direitu produtor (Maya Nut Institution 2012). Kestaun merkadoria siempre sai opstaklu husi nasaun foin dezenvolve án, no nasaun dezenvolvidu siempre proteze sira nian agrikultor liu husi dalan subsidiu no aplika imposto ás ba importasaun ai-han husi rai liur (Khor, 2005).
Wainhira analiza partisipasaun feto iha produktividade Maya-Nut, karik mos kestiona tansa Banku Mundial hakarak suporta fundus ba aktividade hanesan ne, ho objektivu kontribuisaun mak ladun klaru. Banku Mundial karik la hanoin atu fo fundus bot, tamba merkadoria Maya-Nut ladun luan ka barak, no ninian produsaun parese seidauk prontu ba orientasaun exportasaun global, signifika katak la hanesan kafè musan ka sá nia tahan mak bele exporta ba nasaun Europea ka nasaun dezenvolvideu seluk. Ijemplu hanesan filme “The End of Poverty? Think Again”, Ministru Agrikultura Kenya, Kipruto Arap Kirwa, fo ijemplu kamponese Sudanese sira exporta Sá tahan ba Europea, nebe sosa husi Lipton no hetan prosesa e faan fali ba mundo tomak liu husi produk ikus (Diaz, 2008).
Maya-Nut mos fo impaktu positivu ba komunidade, liu-liu kestaun soverania ai-han, no mos fas parte programa merenda escolar. To’o agora ai-horis ne, so bele hetan iha ai-laran fuik iha nasaun balun Central America no Caribbean.
Historikamente, ai-horis ne sai hanesan hahan original sociadade indijinu Mayan iha tempu period Mesoamerican (Bronson, 1966). Banati tuir testimonia husi to’os nain no esklarese katak Mayan-Nut salva ona vida durante tempu funu iha El Salvador (Maya Nut Institution, 2012).
“Durante tempu funu, hau nian aman la konsege kuda batar ka halo buat seluk. Nia la konsege sai liur, inklui ami mos tamba situasaun perigozu liu. Hau nian avo feto so konsege kolekta Maya Nut iha tempu kalan wainhira ninian musan monu iha ai-nian hun besik mota ninin. Ami han matak deit Maya-Nut ne, tamba labele tau ahi sunu. Ami konsege moris no konsumu Maya-Nut iha tempu fulan ida nian laran. Ami nian avo feto salva ami liu husi Maya-Nut. Elvia Shances, Morazen, El Salvador”. (Maya Nut Institute, 2012).
Sasin iha leten, fo hanoin istoria kolonialismu mak hatudu iha filme “The End of Poverty? Think Again”, kolonialista sira kontrola rai produktivu, ijemplu; plantasaun tohù, kakao, kafè no nú no mos sel-seluk tan. Wainhira to’o tempu ku’u kafè ka silu tohù, produtu hirak ne sei tula iha ró-ahi no lori ba kolonialista nian rain (Diaz, 2008). Rai produktivu normalmente tetuk ho rai ten bokur, no dala barak bele hetan iha foho hun depois volcano, rai hansa ne perfeitu hodi kuda ai-horis ba exportasaun (Rosset, 2005). Kuandu halo komparasaun husi sasin nain, lokalidade ai-hun Maya-Nut iha ai-laran fuik no mos besik mota ninin, lojiku duni katak ai-horis ne laós produtu mak bele exporta iha tempu kolonialista (Maya Nut Institution, 2012b).
Autentikamente indika katak Maya-Nut ne ai-han original no bele sai ai-han alternativu komunidade rurais iha Central America no Caribbean, e mos bele sai hanesan vanguarda iha tempu krizi ai-han. Sekuandu ai-han ne konsege suksesu introduse ba rejiaun tomak America Latina nudar ha-han moris lor-loron, entaun ne sei sai opstaklu bot hasoru kompania jigante hanesan Monsanto. Kompania ne gosta introduse fini genetikamente modifika tiha ona (genetically modified seeds). Bareira hanesan, sei akontese ba kompania ha-han (fast-food) mai husi Estadus Unidos, Canada, Europea nebe’e gosta exporta ha-han ba nasaun America Latina. Movementu ne bele forma rezistensia hasoru monopolizasaun merkadu ai-han nebe’e mai makás husi rejiaun Norte Amerikanu. Banku Mundial lakohi suporta totalmente programa Instituisaun Maya Nut karik tamba bele kontra ai-han ‘transgenic’ mak mai husi kompania jigante sira. Banku Mundial, mesmu ajuda fundus oituan maibe nafatin hatudu ba public katak sira suporta forte aktividade feto hodi alkansa mudansa klimatika.
Bazeia mapa 1.5, politika prevensaun nebe’e koalia projeitu hydro-elektriku iha Sub-Saharan Africa. Politika ne identik ho idea Keynesian, nebe’e gasta osan barak iha infrastruktura (Stilwell, 2002). Los, hydro-elektriku hanesan enerjia alternativu, maibe investe ninian infrastrutura la baratu. Perguntas; financiamentu projeitu ne mai husi nebe? Governu Sub-Saharan foti osan iha nebe? Atu hodi investe mini hydro-elektriku ho total kapasidade produsaun energia 30 Megawatts, bazeia esperensia Timor-Leste, ho estudu kazu Ira Lalaro Hydro-elektriku sei gasta osan minimu tokon $64 to’o tokon $122. Bele hare tabela 2 okos.
Tabela 2. Fontes: Asian Development Bank (2004,Pp73,75,80&81) and Ministry of Transport, Communication & Public Works (2005, Pp33).
Sekuandu kompara kustu estimasaun tinan 2004 no 2005, kustu aumenta makás 100%. Kustu iha leten ne estimasaun tinan barak nian, maibe agora projeitu ne kansela ona. Governu AMP iha tempu neba seidauk serteza ho kustu orsamentu, parte seluk mos governu IV konstitusional rona barak liu sociadade civil nebe koalia makás kona ba impaktu ambiental husi projeitu ne. (Haburas Foundation, 2006 and Lao Hamutuk, 2004:17).
Mapa 1.5 mos eskreve katak, Tanzania kategoria hanesan nasaun ekonomikamente ‘posivel’ hodi implementa projeitus hydro-elektriku. Desde 1964 nasaun ne halo ona plantasaun hydro-elektriku balun, partikularmente hydro-elektriku Kidatu hetan fundus deve husi Banku Mundial hamutuk miliaun $30 no fornese energia elektrisidade 50 megawatts (World Bank, 2012a). Informasaun bele hare tabela 3 okos.
Sekuandu kompara kustu estimasaun tinan 2004 no 2005, kustu aumenta makás 100%. Kustu iha leten ne estimasaun tinan barak nian, maibe agora projeitu ne kansela ona. Governu AMP iha tempu neba seidauk serteza ho kustu orsamentu, parte seluk mos governu IV konstitusional rona barak liu sociadade civil nebe koalia makás kona ba impaktu ambiental husi projeitu ne. (Haburas Foundation, 2006 and Lao Hamutuk, 2004:17).
Mapa 1.5 mos eskreve katak, Tanzania kategoria hanesan nasaun ekonomikamente ‘posivel’ hodi implementa projeitus hydro-elektriku. Desde 1964 nasaun ne halo ona plantasaun hydro-elektriku balun, partikularmente hydro-elektriku Kidatu hetan fundus deve husi Banku Mundial hamutuk miliaun $30 no fornese energia elektrisidade 50 megawatts (World Bank, 2012a). Informasaun bele hare tabela 3 okos.
Table 3. Source: Tanesco "The Power Sector in Tanzania", ESI Africa 2 (2006:16), Cited in Hoag & Ohman (2008:642)
Sekuandu Banku Mundial aloka ona osan deve ho montante tokon $30 ba projeitu Kidatu Hydro-elektriku, osan hirak tan mak sei persija hodi konstruir projeitus temi iha tabela leten? Sei iha ajudus kalae husi financiamentu mudansa klimatika? Ka governu Tanzania persija husu deve tan? Hare tabela 4 okos.
Sekuandu Banku Mundial aloka ona osan deve ho montante tokon $30 ba projeitu Kidatu Hydro-elektriku, osan hirak tan mak sei persija hodi konstruir projeitus temi iha tabela leten? Sei iha ajudus kalae husi financiamentu mudansa klimatika? Ka governu Tanzania persija husu deve tan? Hare tabela 4 okos.
Table 4. Source: The World Bank (2012b)
Tabela ne hatudu katak, susar oituan governu Tanzania atu hodi konstrui tan plantasaun hydro-elektriku foun. Sira atu hetan osan husi nebe’e? Sira sei tenke selu fali deve mak iha; oinsa bele iha posibilidade hodi hetan tan deve. Estudu viabilidade hydro-elektriku husi nasaun sub-Saharan Africa hanesan Tanzania, hatudu katak Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la iha sensibilidade politika atu hodi alkansa manas global.
Kazu fundamentu Tanzania laós kona ba oinsa governu atu hetan osan hodi selu fali tusan; maibe wainhira nasaun tama ona laso deve, normalmente sira sei susar atu selu fali tusan, seidauk tan kondisaun balun sira tenke konkorda hanesan politika ajustamentu structural ‘Structural Adjustment Policies’ (SAP), (Bracking, 1999).
Governu Tanzania adopta ona politika ajustamentu estruktural nudar kondisaun wainhira simu deve. Essay ne sei la explora programa ajustamentu SAP, maibe sei analiza intensaun prevensaun mudansa klimatika husi instituisaun hanesan Banku Mundial, inklui stratejia hodi obriga nasaun kiak sira adopta no implementa politika SAP.
Utilizasaun ai-han batar hodi halo ethanol hetan kondenasaun husi ema barak, liu-liu aktivista sira luta hasoru hamlaha, inklui Fidel Castro (eis Presidente Cuba). Fidel Castro (2007) hato’o kritika makás ba nia kolega Lula Da Silva, nudar Presidente Brasil tempu neba, Lula halo exportasaun liu husi toneladas miliaun rua-nulu resin hitu husi koto nurak (soy beans) haruka ba nasaun Estadus Unidos, Castro fiar katak koto nurak ne atu sei utiliza sai biofuels. Castro hateten katak, porsentu sia nulu (90%) husi estadu walu iha Brazil produs ai-han batar, estadus ne inklui; Paraná, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina no Mato Grosso do Sul, no so estadu hat mak porsentu neen nulu (60%) produs Tohù inklui estadus; Sao Paulo, Paraná, Pernambuco no Alagoas. Iha parte seluk assosiasaun Tohù ‘Sugar Cane Industry Association (UNICA)’ (2012), hateten iha dekada tolu ikus plantasaun no produsaun Tohù aumenta saé bebeik. Grafik okos hatudu katak, produsaun Tohù aumenta lais liu partikularmente iha tinan 2005.
Tabela ne hatudu katak, susar oituan governu Tanzania atu hodi konstrui tan plantasaun hydro-elektriku foun. Sira atu hetan osan husi nebe’e? Sira sei tenke selu fali deve mak iha; oinsa bele iha posibilidade hodi hetan tan deve. Estudu viabilidade hydro-elektriku husi nasaun sub-Saharan Africa hanesan Tanzania, hatudu katak Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010 la iha sensibilidade politika atu hodi alkansa manas global.
Kazu fundamentu Tanzania laós kona ba oinsa governu atu hetan osan hodi selu fali tusan; maibe wainhira nasaun tama ona laso deve, normalmente sira sei susar atu selu fali tusan, seidauk tan kondisaun balun sira tenke konkorda hanesan politika ajustamentu structural ‘Structural Adjustment Policies’ (SAP), (Bracking, 1999).
Governu Tanzania adopta ona politika ajustamentu estruktural nudar kondisaun wainhira simu deve. Essay ne sei la explora programa ajustamentu SAP, maibe sei analiza intensaun prevensaun mudansa klimatika husi instituisaun hanesan Banku Mundial, inklui stratejia hodi obriga nasaun kiak sira adopta no implementa politika SAP.
Utilizasaun ai-han batar hodi halo ethanol hetan kondenasaun husi ema barak, liu-liu aktivista sira luta hasoru hamlaha, inklui Fidel Castro (eis Presidente Cuba). Fidel Castro (2007) hato’o kritika makás ba nia kolega Lula Da Silva, nudar Presidente Brasil tempu neba, Lula halo exportasaun liu husi toneladas miliaun rua-nulu resin hitu husi koto nurak (soy beans) haruka ba nasaun Estadus Unidos, Castro fiar katak koto nurak ne atu sei utiliza sai biofuels. Castro hateten katak, porsentu sia nulu (90%) husi estadu walu iha Brazil produs ai-han batar, estadus ne inklui; Paraná, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina no Mato Grosso do Sul, no so estadu hat mak porsentu neen nulu (60%) produs Tohù inklui estadus; Sao Paulo, Paraná, Pernambuco no Alagoas. Iha parte seluk assosiasaun Tohù ‘Sugar Cane Industry Association (UNICA)’ (2012), hateten iha dekada tolu ikus plantasaun no produsaun Tohù aumenta saé bebeik. Grafik okos hatudu katak, produsaun Tohù aumenta lais liu partikularmente iha tinan 2005.
Table 5. Source: Sugar Cane Industry Association (2012)
Haktuir Fidel Castro, analiza grafik tabela 5 indika katak expansaun plantasaun Tohù indireitamente afekta 90% produsaun ai-han batar. Produsaun batar sei kontinua ho presaun, inisiu 2012 congresista Estadus Unidos aplika tarifa importasaun hasoru ethanol 54 centavos per-gallon, signifika katak sei enkoraze produktividade plantasaun tohù, laós batar (Mathews, 2012).
Banati tuir Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010, Brazil bele sai hanesan produtor bot energia ethanol, posibilidade bele akontese kuandu hare tabela 6 kraik. Expansaun plantasaun Tohù kuaze akumula hektares miliaun sanulu iha tinan 2010. Lei foun hateten katak, estadu sei asegura rai hektares miliaun neen-nulu resin hat ba plantasaun Tohù (Secretariat for Social Communication, 2012).
Haktuir Fidel Castro, analiza grafik tabela 5 indika katak expansaun plantasaun Tohù indireitamente afekta 90% produsaun ai-han batar. Produsaun batar sei kontinua ho presaun, inisiu 2012 congresista Estadus Unidos aplika tarifa importasaun hasoru ethanol 54 centavos per-gallon, signifika katak sei enkoraze produktividade plantasaun tohù, laós batar (Mathews, 2012).
Banati tuir Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial 2010, Brazil bele sai hanesan produtor bot energia ethanol, posibilidade bele akontese kuandu hare tabela 6 kraik. Expansaun plantasaun Tohù kuaze akumula hektares miliaun sanulu iha tinan 2010. Lei foun hateten katak, estadu sei asegura rai hektares miliaun neen-nulu resin hat ba plantasaun Tohù (Secretariat for Social Communication, 2012).
Table 6. Source: Sugar Cane Industry Association (2012)
Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial (2010) mos koalia imposto verde (green taxes) hanesan politika prevensaun mudansa klimatika. Banku Mundial halo komentariu jeral liu no partikularmente la favorese imposto verde. Banku Mundial fiar katak imposto carboneta (carbon tax) sei afekta direita no indireita ekonomia uma laran. Iha esplikasaun, haklaken katak imposto verde sei kontribui direita ba aumentasaun presu energia hanesan selu elektrisidade no tau mina transporte no mos sei indireitamente afekta gastus uma kain tamba presu sasan sei saé makás (World Bank, 2010, Ch1).
Nasaun balun aplika ona imposto verde hanesan parte husi politika prevensaun, ijemplu Australia ho imposto carboneta, introdus no hola parte iha pakote Skema Transaksaun Energia (Energy Trading Scheme), nebe kolekta dollar rua nulu resin tolu ($23) kada toneladas gas emisaun, no fo fali osan biliaun lima ba kompania atu hodi redus gas foer (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, 2012).
Banati tuir organizasaun ambiente, Friends of the Earth Australia, sistema ne sei benefisiu liu kompania sira mak produs polusaun, ijemplu hanesan kompania minerais no petroleum wainhira kontinua halo foer atmosphere. Governu Gillard ninian politika orsamental entrega ona biliaun lima dolar Australia kada tinan, no osan ne sei aloka 1.5 biloens ba redusaun emisaun centrais elektrika, biliaun 1 hodi hasae energia renovaves no 2.5 bilioens hanesan kompensasaun ba kustu kompania nebe lakon durante tempu kompetisaun (Goodman, 2011). Idealmente, kuandu governu iha seriadade atu hodi korta temperatura global (global warming), tenke iha imposto bot ba kompania, no fornese 100% investementu energia renovavel.
Haklaken tuir konversasaun, politika prevensaun laós deit responsibilidade governu maibe mos kompania jigante sira, mak ho orientasaun profitu. Tamba ne, atu konvense kompania minerais no petroleum hodi redus sira nian emisaun, governu tenke kria incentivu ba kompania selae ekonomia uma laran mak sei kona ninian impaktu wainhira aplika imposto verde.
Presu carboneta (carbon price) ne incentivu, no haktuir sector privado sira, hanesan depositu hodi garantia agreementu. Banati tuir Anderson (2011), Skema Transaksaun Energia sai abút ba spritu transaksaun merkadoria ka mekanismu merkadoria, ne konseitu neoliberal, tamba ne presu carboneta bele konsidera hanesan akordu hodi haketak konflitu interese entre kompania ho governu.
Konklusaun
Artiklu ne konsidera numeru issues barak, relasiona ho Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial ‘Kumprensaun kona ba ligasaun entre dezenvolvementu no mudansa klimatika’. Essay ne komesa ho pontu da vista ekonomia nasaun foin dezenvolve no hetan afektasaun makás husi mudansa klimatika. Nasaun ekonomia kiik ho kapasidade minimu, entaun ladun halo mudansa barak iha prevensaun mudansa klimatika.
Essay ne mos halo ona analiza no revista (review) ba gastus osan restu (disposal income), no ne hatudu katak forca equivalencia de kompra (purchasing power parity) sei domina husi sociadade affluente, no sai hanesan kontributor mayoria ba soe gas foer (greenhouse gas emissions). Surat tahan ne mos hakerek ignorancia husi koalisaun global klimatika (The global climate coalition) hasoru akordu Kyoto Protocol, ne hatudu katak korporasaun kompania jigante sei forte nafatin. Leitura ne mos hare ona partisipasaun feto no evidencia organizasaun lokal nebe’e pro-aktivu hodi suporta inovasaun rurais kompara ho ajudus husi organizasaun rai liur.
Teze ne, diskuti ona parte balun hanesan; re-floresta ai-horis antigu Maya Nut iha nasaun balun Central America no Caribbean, nebe’e sei sai oposisaun ba transgenic importasaun hahan. Teze ne mos, analiza ona potensialidade atu hodi konstrui projeitus hydro-elektriku foun ho stratejia dudu nasaun kiak tama ba deve no adopta politika structural ajustamentu. Interpretasaun husi observasaun iha relatoriu laran, sai hanesan kunyesementu ho karakteristiku uniku husi scholar modernista sira. Expansaun plantasaun tohù sei sai ameasa perigozu ba produsaun ai-han.
Finalidade husi disertasi ne, konsidera asuntu impostu verde bazeia ba ijemplu Australia nian. Konkluzaun husi asuntu ne hateten katak kompania minerais sei konkorda ho inisiativu impostu verde, wainhira ninian transaksaun inkluido presu carboneta nudar parte husi akordu.
Focus artiklu ne, atu esklarese intensaun no aksaun husi instituisaun jigante sira inklui seitor korporasaun iha kontekstu neoliberal ekonomia global. Analiza hatudu ijemplu bar-barak nebe’e identifika ona, katak politikamente rekomendasaun ba prevensaun mudansa klimatika dezenũ tuir konseitu neoliberal ho orientasaun merkadu livre.
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Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial (2010) mos koalia imposto verde (green taxes) hanesan politika prevensaun mudansa klimatika. Banku Mundial halo komentariu jeral liu no partikularmente la favorese imposto verde. Banku Mundial fiar katak imposto carboneta (carbon tax) sei afekta direita no indireita ekonomia uma laran. Iha esplikasaun, haklaken katak imposto verde sei kontribui direita ba aumentasaun presu energia hanesan selu elektrisidade no tau mina transporte no mos sei indireitamente afekta gastus uma kain tamba presu sasan sei saé makás (World Bank, 2010, Ch1).
Nasaun balun aplika ona imposto verde hanesan parte husi politika prevensaun, ijemplu Australia ho imposto carboneta, introdus no hola parte iha pakote Skema Transaksaun Energia (Energy Trading Scheme), nebe kolekta dollar rua nulu resin tolu ($23) kada toneladas gas emisaun, no fo fali osan biliaun lima ba kompania atu hodi redus gas foer (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, 2012).
Banati tuir organizasaun ambiente, Friends of the Earth Australia, sistema ne sei benefisiu liu kompania sira mak produs polusaun, ijemplu hanesan kompania minerais no petroleum wainhira kontinua halo foer atmosphere. Governu Gillard ninian politika orsamental entrega ona biliaun lima dolar Australia kada tinan, no osan ne sei aloka 1.5 biloens ba redusaun emisaun centrais elektrika, biliaun 1 hodi hasae energia renovaves no 2.5 bilioens hanesan kompensasaun ba kustu kompania nebe lakon durante tempu kompetisaun (Goodman, 2011). Idealmente, kuandu governu iha seriadade atu hodi korta temperatura global (global warming), tenke iha imposto bot ba kompania, no fornese 100% investementu energia renovavel.
Haklaken tuir konversasaun, politika prevensaun laós deit responsibilidade governu maibe mos kompania jigante sira, mak ho orientasaun profitu. Tamba ne, atu konvense kompania minerais no petroleum hodi redus sira nian emisaun, governu tenke kria incentivu ba kompania selae ekonomia uma laran mak sei kona ninian impaktu wainhira aplika imposto verde.
Presu carboneta (carbon price) ne incentivu, no haktuir sector privado sira, hanesan depositu hodi garantia agreementu. Banati tuir Anderson (2011), Skema Transaksaun Energia sai abút ba spritu transaksaun merkadoria ka mekanismu merkadoria, ne konseitu neoliberal, tamba ne presu carboneta bele konsidera hanesan akordu hodi haketak konflitu interese entre kompania ho governu.
Konklusaun
Artiklu ne konsidera numeru issues barak, relasiona ho Relatoriu Dezenvolvementu Mundial ‘Kumprensaun kona ba ligasaun entre dezenvolvementu no mudansa klimatika’. Essay ne komesa ho pontu da vista ekonomia nasaun foin dezenvolve no hetan afektasaun makás husi mudansa klimatika. Nasaun ekonomia kiik ho kapasidade minimu, entaun ladun halo mudansa barak iha prevensaun mudansa klimatika.
Essay ne mos halo ona analiza no revista (review) ba gastus osan restu (disposal income), no ne hatudu katak forca equivalencia de kompra (purchasing power parity) sei domina husi sociadade affluente, no sai hanesan kontributor mayoria ba soe gas foer (greenhouse gas emissions). Surat tahan ne mos hakerek ignorancia husi koalisaun global klimatika (The global climate coalition) hasoru akordu Kyoto Protocol, ne hatudu katak korporasaun kompania jigante sei forte nafatin. Leitura ne mos hare ona partisipasaun feto no evidencia organizasaun lokal nebe’e pro-aktivu hodi suporta inovasaun rurais kompara ho ajudus husi organizasaun rai liur.
Teze ne, diskuti ona parte balun hanesan; re-floresta ai-horis antigu Maya Nut iha nasaun balun Central America no Caribbean, nebe’e sei sai oposisaun ba transgenic importasaun hahan. Teze ne mos, analiza ona potensialidade atu hodi konstrui projeitus hydro-elektriku foun ho stratejia dudu nasaun kiak tama ba deve no adopta politika structural ajustamentu. Interpretasaun husi observasaun iha relatoriu laran, sai hanesan kunyesementu ho karakteristiku uniku husi scholar modernista sira. Expansaun plantasaun tohù sei sai ameasa perigozu ba produsaun ai-han.
Finalidade husi disertasi ne, konsidera asuntu impostu verde bazeia ba ijemplu Australia nian. Konkluzaun husi asuntu ne hateten katak kompania minerais sei konkorda ho inisiativu impostu verde, wainhira ninian transaksaun inkluido presu carboneta nudar parte husi akordu.
Focus artiklu ne, atu esklarese intensaun no aksaun husi instituisaun jigante sira inklui seitor korporasaun iha kontekstu neoliberal ekonomia global. Analiza hatudu ijemplu bar-barak nebe’e identifika ona, katak politikamente rekomendasaun ba prevensaun mudansa klimatika dezenũ tuir konseitu neoliberal ho orientasaun merkadu livre.
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Prosesu no Methodologia Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PDN-2002-2020) no Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PEDN-2011-2030) Publikasaun Journal Tempo Semanal, 18 Febreiru 2015
Analiza Kritiku ba Prosesu
no Methodologia
Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PDN-2002-2020) no
Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PEDN-2011-2030)
Topiku ba Diskusaun Fulan Naroman 6 Febreiru 2015, aprezenta husi orador Dr. Joao Noronha
Hakerek-Nain: Tomas Freitas
Introdusaun
Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional, (2011), dala barak iha literature nivel akademiku bainaka husi rai liur mak iha interese bot hodi hakerek no analiza e depois publika liu husi journal akademiku no bulletin institusaun internasional sira hanesan Banku Mundial (Rab & Petrie, 2011), ezemplu seluk mos hatudu iha instituisaun Fundu Monetariu Internasional, (IMF, 2014). Scholar hirak nee sira nian analiza la’os enjeral maibe sira profundu liu ba analiza sektoral. Hakerek-Nain apresia tebes ho esforsu Orador nian mak hakarak apresenta no deskuti konseitu no prosesu husi Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional hanesan mos tese ba ninian estudu Doctoral (Phd) mak hasai iha Victoria University- Melbourne.
Iha Okajiaun Diskusaun Fulan Naroman nee, Orador banati tuir liafuan lideransa balun Timor-Leste nian mak hanesan Jose Ramos Horta (tinan??) hateten katak “Funu bot ita sei hasoru ne defisil liu tan mak Dezenvolvementu, tamba atu liberta Timor-Oan husi beik no kiak”. Halerik ho ninian sentidu hanesan mos tatoli husi lideransa seluk Mari Alkatiri (2011??), “We have freed the state but we still need to free the people and institutional building is more important than physical development in this phase of nation building” nebe iha ninian sentidu tetum hateten katak “Ita liberta tiha ona ita nian nasaun maibe ita persija liberta mos ita nian povo no hametin institusaun estado nebe importante liu hotu duke dezenvolvementu fiziku nebe mak hola parte iha konstruksaun estado”, (Noronha, 2015). Ho lia tatoli rua mak importante nee, mesmu laiha ninian referensia kona ba tinan no se mak halo publikasaun ba statement politika nee. Orador kontinua nafatin no tenta atu hodi identifika mais ou menus dalan saida mak bele garantia mehi hirak nee sai ba realidade.
Iha tempu mak hanesan Orador mos kestiona wainhira halao konsultasaun ba Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PEDN) nebe involve komunidade sira iha Sub-Distritu 65, Orador hakarak hatene tamba sa mak Primeiru Ministru V Governu Konstitusional tenke involve direitamente?
Orador mos husu kona ba metodologia konsultasaun mak uza hodi establese Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011 nian. Tuir informasaun mak Orador hatene katak dokumentu SDP nee prepara no hakerek husi Kompania Konsultant Indonesia nian ho naran PT DSI Makmur Sejahtera no hetan pagamentu husi Ministerio Financas Hamutuk Miliaun $2,481,166.00 nebe iha nota receivu asina husi Eis Primeiru Ministro V Governu Konstitusional, (Noronha, 2015).
Iha artiklu nee Hakerek-Nain sei la responde perguntas mak mai husi Orador, no sei la intepreta kontratu mak Governu halo ho Kompania estranjeiro. Hakerek-Nain sei ke’e klean liu tan konseitu no prosesu methodologia mak sai hanesan materia importante liu husi orador nian apresentasaun iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman.
Historia
Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 halao konsultasaun inisiu iha tinan 2000, lidera husi lideransa altu Conselho Nasional Resistensia Timorence (CNRT) iha tempu neba. Konsultasaun nee inklui dialogu, no akontese engkontru dala rihun ida no konsulta ema liu rihun 38.000, (UNDP, 2015). Liu husi publikasaun UNDP nian ne mos Iha prosesu konsultasaun tempo neba Xanana Gusmaolideransa altu CNRT iha tempu neba ho ninian ekipa halao sorumutu no diskusaun ho parte barak mak hanesan engkontru ho komunidade, Sociadade Civil, no Igreja sira. Depois halo konsultasaun iha tinan 2001 ekipa ne formaliza ba iha Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional nebe involve entidade barak, komisaun nee konsege duni halo planu ho ninian naran (Road Map) ka Mata Dalan ba tinan 2020. Iha faze tranzisaun Organizasaun Nasoens Unidas (ONU) fasilita elisaun geral ba assembleia konstituante no nakfilak aan ba Parlementu Nasional. Fretilin sai nudar vensedor hodi harii governu ba dala uluk mak lidera husi sekretariu geral Partido Fretilin.
Faktus historiku mak hato iha leten nee, hateten katak autor mak lidera konsultasaun ba Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 no Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030 ema nee ida deit mak eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional. Kestaun iha nee, laos autor mak ita hakarak kestiona maibe prosesu ka lalaok oinsa konsultasaun nee realiza. Konsultasaun ida uluk ba PDN nee involve ema liu rihun 38.000 no ekipa mak ajuda ba halao servisu mak Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional. Bazeia ba iha NGO Lao Hamutuk nian publikasaun (2011), iha 2009 eis Primeiru Ministro V Governu komesa hahu’u dezenvolve ideas PEDN nee, no socializa mos ba Engkontru Parseiru Dezenvolvementu nebe realiza iha Abril 2010. Haktuir karta komunikadu da Impressa Governu RDTL nian (2010), hakerek katak iha mos konsultasaun dala hitu nulu (70) ho komunidade nivel suco no aldeia iha teritoria tomak. Mesmo nee, iha sasin nain balun hateten katak modelu konsultasaun nee hanesan fali sosializasaun dokumentu.
Konteudu
Haktuir presentasaun mak hato’o iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman, Orador akresenta katak “Planeamentu, Partipasaun no Planu Stratejiku” mak sai hanesan savi hodi halo kualker Planu Dezenvovementu Nasional ka Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional. Iha parte Planeamentu nian Orador mos banati tuir referensia akademiku balun nebe mak defini Planeamentu mak hanesan prosesu universal ida, banati tuir livru nebe hakerek husi Melville Campbell Branch (1990), ho ninian titulu “Planning: Universal Process” nebe’e iha ninian esplikasaun hateten katak “Planeamentu hanesan parte ida mak integradu ho moris lor-loron iha uma…iha Individual no familia kiik balun halo sira nian planu kiik kona ba sira nian moris lor-loron para hodi sustenta deit sira nian a’an (Survive), familia balun nebe moris diak oituan ona halao fungsaun sira nian vida moris ho effisiente, no aumenta sira nian kondisaun moris lor-loron”. (Branch, 1990).
Referensia seluk Orador hato’o mak hakerek husi Amitai Etzione iha ninian artiklu ho topiku “Toward a Theory of Societal Guidance” (1967), nebe haklaken katak Planeamentu laos simplikamente koalia kona ba deit partisipasaun povu nian maibe mos kona ba oinsa foti desizaun.
Iha parte balun, Orador mos utiliza referensia seluk mak hakerek husi enviromentalist sira hanesan: Stephen Bass, Barry Dalal-Clayton no Jules N. Pretty (1995), artiklu sira nee ho titulu: “Participation In Strategies For Sustainable Development”, nebe esplika kona ba Typologia Partisipasaun ho ninian karakteristik mak hanesan tuir mai nee; Partisipasun Manipulative; mak hanesan partisipasaun nebe mak attende husi representante official board maibe representante sira nee ema la hili no laiha baze apoiu. Partisipasaun Pasivu, hanesan ema bot sira mai hato’o deit desizaun mak foti tiha ona, ezemplu mak hanesan desizaun unilateral. Partisipasaun Konsultativu, mak hanesan halo konsultasaun ho povu, ezemplu ajente externu defini no identifika problema liu husi prosesu halibur informasaun, konsultasaun hansa nee sei la prejudika prosesu foti desizaun no ajente externa nee tenke servisu ho profesionalismo no iha obrigatoriu hodi lori komunidade nian perspektiva ba leten.
Iha ezemplu typologia hitu mak scientista nain tolu iha leten nee hato’o maibe Hakerek-Nain so hakarak hato’o deit typologia tolu mak temi tiha ona iha paragraph liu ba mak hanesan: Partisipasaun Manipulativu, Partisipasaun Pasivu no Partisipasaun Konsultativu.
Tama ba iha seksaun komentariu no hato’o perguntas, Partisipante balun kestiona methodologia konsultasaun iha tempo agora nee, dala barak akontese husi leten deit ba iha kraik, no konsultasaun nee bai-bain akademiku sira mak halao. Utilizsaun lianguazem mos sai preokupasaun partisipante sira exemplu hanesan “kombate pobreza” no “reduz pobreza” liafuan rua nee ho ninian sentidu mak la hanesan. Partisipante balun mos hateten katak dalaruma tamba deit ho presaun externa hodi atinzi padraun internasional mak hanesan Objectivo Dezenvolvementu Milieniu (MDG) nian, no tamba deit ho ida nee ita mos bele halakon tiha forsa kolektiva iha kraik, salenta rona nain balun. Iha perguntas balun mos kona ba Timor-Leste nian padraun rasik nee oinsa, bele kalae ho padraun rasik ita bele liberta ita nian povu husi mukit no kiak.
Partisipante balun mos kestiona katak muda kontestu agrikultura Sustenta a’an rasik ba iha agrikultura industria ne konseitu mak mai husi ajensia financeiru internasional ho hanoin atu muda mentalidade komunidade rurais ba mentalidade klase mediu.
Rona nain balun mos duvida hela ho lalaok Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030, sira kestiona bele kalae PEDN nee atinzi ninian objective wainhira sei iha hela todan ba makina jestaun no politika publiku nian, kestaun nee bazeia ba ninian observasaun rasik katak the “Right Man in the Wrong Place”, Hakerek-Nain hakarak fo ejemplu mak hanesan eis Vice-Ministro Negosiu Estranjeiro nebe iha esperensia diplomata maibe muda fali ba asunto social, apontamentu seluk hanesan sekretariu estadu balun mak iha background akademiku no foti kurso kona engenaria elektrisidade ba simu fali pasta solidaraidade nian, no eis sekretaria estado balun mak iha esperensia no kapasidade hodi dezenvolve asunto ekonomia rurais nian ba tur fali iha kadeira promosaun igualidade genero nian mak dala ruma mos persija tempo liu tinan rua hodi adapta.
Restruturasaun nee diak maibe kuandu iha tinan rua nian laran mak ita la konsege atinji objective balun iha PEDN, entaun dala ruma mos tamba malisan “the right man in the wrong place”. Iha faktu seluk mak ita tenke konsidera mos katak, ita nian Posu Bayu Undang no Kitan besik maran ona, entaun favor ida utiliza didiak ba Biliaun $17 nee para hodi atinji mehi PEDN 2030 nian.
Bazeia ba presentasaun Orador ninian no mos preokupasaun partisipante nian, ita bele hare’e katak methodologia konsultasaun mak akontese ba iha Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional no Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional ladun iha ninian diferensia. Iha PDN konsultasaun nebe lidera husi eis Presidente da Republika ba dala uluk, no halo konsultasaun ba ema Hamutuk rihun 38.000 no iha ninian sorumutu ba dala rihun ida, aumenta mos Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional nebe halao servisu, no kompostu husi matenek nain Timor oan mak barak. Ijemplu iha tempu neba mos sai hanesan assessor ba iha Ministerio Planeamentu e Financas nian mak eis Ministra Financas V governu konstitusional nebe ita bele konsidera iha kunyesementu naton hodi sinkroniza planu PDN no PEDN. Modelu konsultasaun ba Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 nee ita bele konsidera nudar “Konsultasaun Partisipativu” kuandu relata ba typologia tolu mak enviromentalista sira temi tiha ona iha leten (Bass, Et all 1995).
Iha parte seluk “konsultasaun” ba Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional lidera husi eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional ho ninian prosesu konsultasaun ka socializasaun halao iha Sub-Distritu 65, mesmu la hateten lolos numeru ema mak partisipa, modelu konsultasaun nee bele konsidera hanesan “Konsultasaun Pasivu” bazeia ba definisaun typologia mak temi tiha ona husi scientist sira (Bass, et all, 1995).
Hakerek-Nain hakarak hateten deit iha nee katak diskusaun nee seidauk tama liu ba iha konteudu dokumentu PDN no PEDN nian, diskusaun mak akontese sei iha nivel prosesu no methodologia mak uza iha konsultasaun nee rasik. Sekarik ita kestiona dokumentu rua nee ninian pezu no kualidade, entaun ita sei la hotu deskuti to’o nia rohan.
Termus ba methodologia konsultasaun nee matenek akademiku sira dezenvolve atu hodi formula saida mak povu ka komunidade iha kraik neba hakarak. No bai-bain scholar hirak nee uza sira nian literature akademiku hodi interpreta kondisaun real iha baziku, mesmu sira nian tempu mak gasta iha fatin ida lato’o oras walu maibe sira bele hakerek povu nian hakarak liu tiha surat-tahan walu.
Methodologia konsultasaun hansa nee mak David Marsh no Paul Furlong (2002), bolu “double hermeneutics” ka “indirect observation” nebe interpreta fali ema seluk nian interpretasaun. Ezemplu mak Kompania consultant PT DSI Makmur Sejahtera (Lao Hamutuk, 2011), hakerek kona ba dokumentus PEDN nee barak liu mak bazeia ba dadus mak mai husi Livro Orsamentu Geral do Estadu no mos data Census estatisku nasional publika husi Dirasaun Estatistiku Nasional, (2010). Hahalok sira hansa nee reflekta gropu epistemology sira mak sempre anti foundasionalismo.
Entaun saida mak fondasionalista sira hakarak iha kestaun nee? Ema foundasionalista sira bai-bain estuda etnografia no sociologia, sira haree katak komunidade primitivu bai-bain resolve rasik sira nian problema, tamba komunidade primitivu sira siempre tulun malun no entre sira nunka iha kompetisaun ba malun. Ezemplu mak konkretu nebe hakerek husi antropologista ida ho naran Yasuko Nagai (2001), nebe hela ho komunidade Maiwala durantre tinan hat nian laran (1990-1993), nudar antropologista Yasuko Nagai estuda deit moris lor-loron komunidade nian. Moris iha area nebe izoladu iha provinsia Milne Bay, Papua Nova Guinea, Populasaun Maiwala la liu ema atus neen (600), komunidade Maiwala hela besik mota ninin. Tamba fatin nee iha area remota, entaun susar ba labarik sira atu aksesu ba livro no material edukasaun nivel nasional nian. Uniku profesora ida deit mak ema rai nain no hela iha neba, no saida mak akontese profesora nee husu ajuda Yasuko Nagai atu sira nain rua dezenvolve rasik sira nian kurikulu ba eskola elementariu Maiwala. Razaun tamba sa mak Yasuko Nagai, tamba, so nia deit mak hela kleur ona iha Suco neba no nia mos hatene lian Inglesh. Tamba nia estuda moris lor-loron komunidade Maiwala nian entaun nia proposta atu hakerek kurikulu eskola nian bazeia ba moris lor-loron komunidade nian. Methodologia mak Yasuko Nagai uza mak formaliza lalaok moris lor-loron komunidade Maiwala nian, nebe inan no aman husi aluno sira mak sai rasik mestre ba sira nian oan ida-idak iha moris lor-loron. Atu hatene kumpletu historia faktu ida nee favour ida bele haree iha lista referensia mak iha kraik.
Ijemplu simplis Antropolgista Yasuko Nagai hatudu katak tinan hat tempu nebe sufisiente ba nia atu hodi fo kontribuisaun hodi hakerek kurikulu eskola ida nian nebe ninian materia sira bazeia ba iha moris-lor-loron komunidade nian. Konfiansa nebe Yasuko Nagai hetan husi profesora eskola nee laos tamba nia hanesan ema antropologista ida, maibe tamba konsidera nia hela kleur tiha ona ho komunidade sira. Imajina tok, atu hakerek moris lor-loron populasaun atus neen (600) deit Yasuko Nagai persija tempu tinan hat, sa tan hakerek vida moris populasaun miliaun ida nian.
Konsultasaun kona ba PEDN nebe komesa husi 19 de Abril hahu’u iha Sub-Distritu Tutuala no taka iha 11 de Septembro 2010 iha Sub-Distritu Laulara, (Lao Hamutuk, 2010) ne’e sufisiente kalae atu hodi hakerek saida mak povu miliaun ida nian hakarak kona ba oinsa atu hadiak sira nian moris.
Iha kritika seluk mak Hakerek-Nain hakarak konsidera katak Yasuko Nagai laos ema rai nain Papua Nova Guinea, maibe eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional, ne’e Rai Nain Timor Nian nebe mak uluk lao lemorai duni hodi lidera funu no re-organiza forsa gerileirus hodi kontra inimigo. Entaun konsultasaun nee tuir ema balun karik la persija halo ona maibe karik tamba presaun komunidade internasional nian no hodi prense rekizita padraun internasional entaun persija duni eis Primeiru Ministru V governu konstitusional hodi tun ba baze. No bazeia ba observasaun husi NGO Lao Hamutuk (2010) iha fatin balun hanesan iha sub-distritu Laulara, konsultasaun halao to’o tuku rua dadersan. Eventu nee hatudu katak dala ruma Ministro sira iha V governu konstitusional laiha duni kapasidade hodi ba esklarese Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030, tan nee mak eis Primeru Ministro rasik mak tun ba baze.
Konkluzasaun
Kolia no deskuti kona ba planu dezenvolvementu nasaun ida nian bai-bain ajensia internasional sira mak iha interese bot liu. Atu alkansa mehi ida nebe liberta povo husi mukit no kiak sei la to’o deit ho hakerek dokumentu ho pagina atus ba atus. Ita mos la persija kestiona se mak lidera prosesu konsultasaun sekuandu finalmente planu hirak nee sei la sai realidade. Scientista, scholar, ka akademiku barak mak gosta interpreta ema seluk nian interpretasaun no faan sira nian theoria hodi sustenta sira nian moris. Movementu sociadade civil no estudante sira persija iha diskusaun barak liu tan kona ba asuntu ida nee. Hakerek-Nain mos rekunyese mos katak, adopta karakteristiku epistomologista sira nian hodi halo interpretasaun ba iha Orador nian material diskusaun. Liafuan ikus Hakerek-Nain hakarak hato’o kmanek wain ba Orador nebe ho boa vontade ida ke’e a’as tebes hakarak mai fahe kunyesementu ho kolegas no alin sira iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman nee.
References:
Bass, S., et all., 1995. ‘Participation in Strategies For Sustainable Development’, Enviromental Planning Issues, No. 7, London. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/7754IIED.pdf
Branch, C, M., 1990. ‘Planning: Universal Process’, Greenwood Publishing Group, New York. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xW-XLSNThs8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Planning+as+a+process+to+direct+activities+by+Melvile+C+Branch+1983&ots=GrDabTL69F&sig=w218HVKWKgAUSMDw5J7EGClQADE#v=onepage&q&f=false
Etzioni, A., 1967. ‘Toward A Theory of Societal Guidance’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol 73, No 2, pp 173-187. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2775796?sid=21105864257113&uid=2489929103&uid=2&uid=3&uid=2489929093&uid=60&uid=70&uid=2134
Government of Timor-Leste., 2011. ‘Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030’, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Timor-Leste-Strategic-Plan-2011-20301.pdf
Government of Timor-Leste., 2011. ‘Prime Minister Launched SDP during The Timor-Leste and Development Partners Meeting’, Press Release, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=5337&lang=en&lang=en
Government of Timor-Leste., 2011. ‘Strategic Development Plan’, Press Release 30 June 2011. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015. At http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/SDP/2011/SECM_PEDN30June2011En.pdf
Internationa Monetary Fund., 2014. ‘IMF Executive Board Concludes 2014 Article IV Consultation with Timor-Leste’ Press Release, No. 14, Pp. 478, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2014/pr14478.htm
Lao Hamutuk., 2010. ‘Orariu Konsultasaun Kona ba Planu Stratejiku Dezenvolvementu nian’, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015. At http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/SDP/10SDPschedule.htm
Lao Hamutuk., 2011. ‘RDTL Strategic Development Plan’, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/SDP/10SDPindex.htm
Marsh, D., & Furlong, P., 2002. A Skin, not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science’ in David Marsh and Gerry Stoker (2nd Eds) (2002) Theory and Methods in Political Science, Palgrave MacMilan, London.
Nagai, Y., 2001. ‘Developing Assessment and Evaluation Strategies for Vernacular Elementary School Classroom: A Collaborative Study in Papua New Guinea’, Antrpology & Education Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 1, Pp. 80-103. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3196212?sid=21105865453443&uid=2489929103&uid=2129&uid=3&uid=70&uid=60&uid=2134&uid=2489929093&uid=2
National Directorate Estatistic. 2010. ‘Census Data 2010’, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://www.statistics.gov.tl/
Noronha, J., 2015. ‘A Crtical Analysis of Timor-Leste First Two Strategic Development Plans: Peoples Views on Conceptualisation & Process’, Diskusaun Fulan Naroman, 6 February 2015.
Rab, H., & Petrie, M., 2011. ‘Timor-Leste: Public Investment Management From Post Conflit Reconstruction to the 2011-2030 Strategic Development Plan’, World Bank Group. Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/21327/937170WP0Box380C00Timor0Leste0Final.pdf?sequence=1
United Nation Development Program., 2015. ‘The MDGs in Timor-Leste’, Retrieved 16 Feb, 2015 at http://undp.east-timor.org/undp/mdgs/mdgs_in_timor_leste.html
Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PDN-2002-2020) no
Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PEDN-2011-2030)
Topiku ba Diskusaun Fulan Naroman 6 Febreiru 2015, aprezenta husi orador Dr. Joao Noronha
Hakerek-Nain: Tomas Freitas
Introdusaun
Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional, (2011), dala barak iha literature nivel akademiku bainaka husi rai liur mak iha interese bot hodi hakerek no analiza e depois publika liu husi journal akademiku no bulletin institusaun internasional sira hanesan Banku Mundial (Rab & Petrie, 2011), ezemplu seluk mos hatudu iha instituisaun Fundu Monetariu Internasional, (IMF, 2014). Scholar hirak nee sira nian analiza la’os enjeral maibe sira profundu liu ba analiza sektoral. Hakerek-Nain apresia tebes ho esforsu Orador nian mak hakarak apresenta no deskuti konseitu no prosesu husi Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional hanesan mos tese ba ninian estudu Doctoral (Phd) mak hasai iha Victoria University- Melbourne.
Iha Okajiaun Diskusaun Fulan Naroman nee, Orador banati tuir liafuan lideransa balun Timor-Leste nian mak hanesan Jose Ramos Horta (tinan??) hateten katak “Funu bot ita sei hasoru ne defisil liu tan mak Dezenvolvementu, tamba atu liberta Timor-Oan husi beik no kiak”. Halerik ho ninian sentidu hanesan mos tatoli husi lideransa seluk Mari Alkatiri (2011??), “We have freed the state but we still need to free the people and institutional building is more important than physical development in this phase of nation building” nebe iha ninian sentidu tetum hateten katak “Ita liberta tiha ona ita nian nasaun maibe ita persija liberta mos ita nian povo no hametin institusaun estado nebe importante liu hotu duke dezenvolvementu fiziku nebe mak hola parte iha konstruksaun estado”, (Noronha, 2015). Ho lia tatoli rua mak importante nee, mesmu laiha ninian referensia kona ba tinan no se mak halo publikasaun ba statement politika nee. Orador kontinua nafatin no tenta atu hodi identifika mais ou menus dalan saida mak bele garantia mehi hirak nee sai ba realidade.
Iha tempu mak hanesan Orador mos kestiona wainhira halao konsultasaun ba Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional (PEDN) nebe involve komunidade sira iha Sub-Distritu 65, Orador hakarak hatene tamba sa mak Primeiru Ministru V Governu Konstitusional tenke involve direitamente?
Orador mos husu kona ba metodologia konsultasaun mak uza hodi establese Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011 nian. Tuir informasaun mak Orador hatene katak dokumentu SDP nee prepara no hakerek husi Kompania Konsultant Indonesia nian ho naran PT DSI Makmur Sejahtera no hetan pagamentu husi Ministerio Financas Hamutuk Miliaun $2,481,166.00 nebe iha nota receivu asina husi Eis Primeiru Ministro V Governu Konstitusional, (Noronha, 2015).
Iha artiklu nee Hakerek-Nain sei la responde perguntas mak mai husi Orador, no sei la intepreta kontratu mak Governu halo ho Kompania estranjeiro. Hakerek-Nain sei ke’e klean liu tan konseitu no prosesu methodologia mak sai hanesan materia importante liu husi orador nian apresentasaun iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman.
Historia
Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 halao konsultasaun inisiu iha tinan 2000, lidera husi lideransa altu Conselho Nasional Resistensia Timorence (CNRT) iha tempu neba. Konsultasaun nee inklui dialogu, no akontese engkontru dala rihun ida no konsulta ema liu rihun 38.000, (UNDP, 2015). Liu husi publikasaun UNDP nian ne mos Iha prosesu konsultasaun tempo neba Xanana Gusmaolideransa altu CNRT iha tempu neba ho ninian ekipa halao sorumutu no diskusaun ho parte barak mak hanesan engkontru ho komunidade, Sociadade Civil, no Igreja sira. Depois halo konsultasaun iha tinan 2001 ekipa ne formaliza ba iha Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional nebe involve entidade barak, komisaun nee konsege duni halo planu ho ninian naran (Road Map) ka Mata Dalan ba tinan 2020. Iha faze tranzisaun Organizasaun Nasoens Unidas (ONU) fasilita elisaun geral ba assembleia konstituante no nakfilak aan ba Parlementu Nasional. Fretilin sai nudar vensedor hodi harii governu ba dala uluk mak lidera husi sekretariu geral Partido Fretilin.
Faktus historiku mak hato iha leten nee, hateten katak autor mak lidera konsultasaun ba Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 no Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030 ema nee ida deit mak eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional. Kestaun iha nee, laos autor mak ita hakarak kestiona maibe prosesu ka lalaok oinsa konsultasaun nee realiza. Konsultasaun ida uluk ba PDN nee involve ema liu rihun 38.000 no ekipa mak ajuda ba halao servisu mak Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional. Bazeia ba iha NGO Lao Hamutuk nian publikasaun (2011), iha 2009 eis Primeiru Ministro V Governu komesa hahu’u dezenvolve ideas PEDN nee, no socializa mos ba Engkontru Parseiru Dezenvolvementu nebe realiza iha Abril 2010. Haktuir karta komunikadu da Impressa Governu RDTL nian (2010), hakerek katak iha mos konsultasaun dala hitu nulu (70) ho komunidade nivel suco no aldeia iha teritoria tomak. Mesmo nee, iha sasin nain balun hateten katak modelu konsultasaun nee hanesan fali sosializasaun dokumentu.
Konteudu
Haktuir presentasaun mak hato’o iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman, Orador akresenta katak “Planeamentu, Partipasaun no Planu Stratejiku” mak sai hanesan savi hodi halo kualker Planu Dezenvovementu Nasional ka Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional. Iha parte Planeamentu nian Orador mos banati tuir referensia akademiku balun nebe mak defini Planeamentu mak hanesan prosesu universal ida, banati tuir livru nebe hakerek husi Melville Campbell Branch (1990), ho ninian titulu “Planning: Universal Process” nebe’e iha ninian esplikasaun hateten katak “Planeamentu hanesan parte ida mak integradu ho moris lor-loron iha uma…iha Individual no familia kiik balun halo sira nian planu kiik kona ba sira nian moris lor-loron para hodi sustenta deit sira nian a’an (Survive), familia balun nebe moris diak oituan ona halao fungsaun sira nian vida moris ho effisiente, no aumenta sira nian kondisaun moris lor-loron”. (Branch, 1990).
Referensia seluk Orador hato’o mak hakerek husi Amitai Etzione iha ninian artiklu ho topiku “Toward a Theory of Societal Guidance” (1967), nebe haklaken katak Planeamentu laos simplikamente koalia kona ba deit partisipasaun povu nian maibe mos kona ba oinsa foti desizaun.
Iha parte balun, Orador mos utiliza referensia seluk mak hakerek husi enviromentalist sira hanesan: Stephen Bass, Barry Dalal-Clayton no Jules N. Pretty (1995), artiklu sira nee ho titulu: “Participation In Strategies For Sustainable Development”, nebe esplika kona ba Typologia Partisipasaun ho ninian karakteristik mak hanesan tuir mai nee; Partisipasun Manipulative; mak hanesan partisipasaun nebe mak attende husi representante official board maibe representante sira nee ema la hili no laiha baze apoiu. Partisipasaun Pasivu, hanesan ema bot sira mai hato’o deit desizaun mak foti tiha ona, ezemplu mak hanesan desizaun unilateral. Partisipasaun Konsultativu, mak hanesan halo konsultasaun ho povu, ezemplu ajente externu defini no identifika problema liu husi prosesu halibur informasaun, konsultasaun hansa nee sei la prejudika prosesu foti desizaun no ajente externa nee tenke servisu ho profesionalismo no iha obrigatoriu hodi lori komunidade nian perspektiva ba leten.
Iha ezemplu typologia hitu mak scientista nain tolu iha leten nee hato’o maibe Hakerek-Nain so hakarak hato’o deit typologia tolu mak temi tiha ona iha paragraph liu ba mak hanesan: Partisipasaun Manipulativu, Partisipasaun Pasivu no Partisipasaun Konsultativu.
Tama ba iha seksaun komentariu no hato’o perguntas, Partisipante balun kestiona methodologia konsultasaun iha tempo agora nee, dala barak akontese husi leten deit ba iha kraik, no konsultasaun nee bai-bain akademiku sira mak halao. Utilizsaun lianguazem mos sai preokupasaun partisipante sira exemplu hanesan “kombate pobreza” no “reduz pobreza” liafuan rua nee ho ninian sentidu mak la hanesan. Partisipante balun mos hateten katak dalaruma tamba deit ho presaun externa hodi atinzi padraun internasional mak hanesan Objectivo Dezenvolvementu Milieniu (MDG) nian, no tamba deit ho ida nee ita mos bele halakon tiha forsa kolektiva iha kraik, salenta rona nain balun. Iha perguntas balun mos kona ba Timor-Leste nian padraun rasik nee oinsa, bele kalae ho padraun rasik ita bele liberta ita nian povu husi mukit no kiak.
Partisipante balun mos kestiona katak muda kontestu agrikultura Sustenta a’an rasik ba iha agrikultura industria ne konseitu mak mai husi ajensia financeiru internasional ho hanoin atu muda mentalidade komunidade rurais ba mentalidade klase mediu.
Rona nain balun mos duvida hela ho lalaok Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030, sira kestiona bele kalae PEDN nee atinzi ninian objective wainhira sei iha hela todan ba makina jestaun no politika publiku nian, kestaun nee bazeia ba ninian observasaun rasik katak the “Right Man in the Wrong Place”, Hakerek-Nain hakarak fo ejemplu mak hanesan eis Vice-Ministro Negosiu Estranjeiro nebe iha esperensia diplomata maibe muda fali ba asunto social, apontamentu seluk hanesan sekretariu estadu balun mak iha background akademiku no foti kurso kona engenaria elektrisidade ba simu fali pasta solidaraidade nian, no eis sekretaria estado balun mak iha esperensia no kapasidade hodi dezenvolve asunto ekonomia rurais nian ba tur fali iha kadeira promosaun igualidade genero nian mak dala ruma mos persija tempo liu tinan rua hodi adapta.
Restruturasaun nee diak maibe kuandu iha tinan rua nian laran mak ita la konsege atinji objective balun iha PEDN, entaun dala ruma mos tamba malisan “the right man in the wrong place”. Iha faktu seluk mak ita tenke konsidera mos katak, ita nian Posu Bayu Undang no Kitan besik maran ona, entaun favor ida utiliza didiak ba Biliaun $17 nee para hodi atinji mehi PEDN 2030 nian.
Bazeia ba presentasaun Orador ninian no mos preokupasaun partisipante nian, ita bele hare’e katak methodologia konsultasaun mak akontese ba iha Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional no Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional ladun iha ninian diferensia. Iha PDN konsultasaun nebe lidera husi eis Presidente da Republika ba dala uluk, no halo konsultasaun ba ema Hamutuk rihun 38.000 no iha ninian sorumutu ba dala rihun ida, aumenta mos Komisaun Planeamentu Nasional nebe halao servisu, no kompostu husi matenek nain Timor oan mak barak. Ijemplu iha tempu neba mos sai hanesan assessor ba iha Ministerio Planeamentu e Financas nian mak eis Ministra Financas V governu konstitusional nebe ita bele konsidera iha kunyesementu naton hodi sinkroniza planu PDN no PEDN. Modelu konsultasaun ba Planu Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2002-2020 nee ita bele konsidera nudar “Konsultasaun Partisipativu” kuandu relata ba typologia tolu mak enviromentalista sira temi tiha ona iha leten (Bass, Et all 1995).
Iha parte seluk “konsultasaun” ba Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional lidera husi eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional ho ninian prosesu konsultasaun ka socializasaun halao iha Sub-Distritu 65, mesmu la hateten lolos numeru ema mak partisipa, modelu konsultasaun nee bele konsidera hanesan “Konsultasaun Pasivu” bazeia ba definisaun typologia mak temi tiha ona husi scientist sira (Bass, et all, 1995).
Hakerek-Nain hakarak hateten deit iha nee katak diskusaun nee seidauk tama liu ba iha konteudu dokumentu PDN no PEDN nian, diskusaun mak akontese sei iha nivel prosesu no methodologia mak uza iha konsultasaun nee rasik. Sekarik ita kestiona dokumentu rua nee ninian pezu no kualidade, entaun ita sei la hotu deskuti to’o nia rohan.
Termus ba methodologia konsultasaun nee matenek akademiku sira dezenvolve atu hodi formula saida mak povu ka komunidade iha kraik neba hakarak. No bai-bain scholar hirak nee uza sira nian literature akademiku hodi interpreta kondisaun real iha baziku, mesmu sira nian tempu mak gasta iha fatin ida lato’o oras walu maibe sira bele hakerek povu nian hakarak liu tiha surat-tahan walu.
Methodologia konsultasaun hansa nee mak David Marsh no Paul Furlong (2002), bolu “double hermeneutics” ka “indirect observation” nebe interpreta fali ema seluk nian interpretasaun. Ezemplu mak Kompania consultant PT DSI Makmur Sejahtera (Lao Hamutuk, 2011), hakerek kona ba dokumentus PEDN nee barak liu mak bazeia ba dadus mak mai husi Livro Orsamentu Geral do Estadu no mos data Census estatisku nasional publika husi Dirasaun Estatistiku Nasional, (2010). Hahalok sira hansa nee reflekta gropu epistemology sira mak sempre anti foundasionalismo.
Entaun saida mak fondasionalista sira hakarak iha kestaun nee? Ema foundasionalista sira bai-bain estuda etnografia no sociologia, sira haree katak komunidade primitivu bai-bain resolve rasik sira nian problema, tamba komunidade primitivu sira siempre tulun malun no entre sira nunka iha kompetisaun ba malun. Ezemplu mak konkretu nebe hakerek husi antropologista ida ho naran Yasuko Nagai (2001), nebe hela ho komunidade Maiwala durantre tinan hat nian laran (1990-1993), nudar antropologista Yasuko Nagai estuda deit moris lor-loron komunidade nian. Moris iha area nebe izoladu iha provinsia Milne Bay, Papua Nova Guinea, Populasaun Maiwala la liu ema atus neen (600), komunidade Maiwala hela besik mota ninin. Tamba fatin nee iha area remota, entaun susar ba labarik sira atu aksesu ba livro no material edukasaun nivel nasional nian. Uniku profesora ida deit mak ema rai nain no hela iha neba, no saida mak akontese profesora nee husu ajuda Yasuko Nagai atu sira nain rua dezenvolve rasik sira nian kurikulu ba eskola elementariu Maiwala. Razaun tamba sa mak Yasuko Nagai, tamba, so nia deit mak hela kleur ona iha Suco neba no nia mos hatene lian Inglesh. Tamba nia estuda moris lor-loron komunidade Maiwala nian entaun nia proposta atu hakerek kurikulu eskola nian bazeia ba moris lor-loron komunidade nian. Methodologia mak Yasuko Nagai uza mak formaliza lalaok moris lor-loron komunidade Maiwala nian, nebe inan no aman husi aluno sira mak sai rasik mestre ba sira nian oan ida-idak iha moris lor-loron. Atu hatene kumpletu historia faktu ida nee favour ida bele haree iha lista referensia mak iha kraik.
Ijemplu simplis Antropolgista Yasuko Nagai hatudu katak tinan hat tempu nebe sufisiente ba nia atu hodi fo kontribuisaun hodi hakerek kurikulu eskola ida nian nebe ninian materia sira bazeia ba iha moris-lor-loron komunidade nian. Konfiansa nebe Yasuko Nagai hetan husi profesora eskola nee laos tamba nia hanesan ema antropologista ida, maibe tamba konsidera nia hela kleur tiha ona ho komunidade sira. Imajina tok, atu hakerek moris lor-loron populasaun atus neen (600) deit Yasuko Nagai persija tempu tinan hat, sa tan hakerek vida moris populasaun miliaun ida nian.
Konsultasaun kona ba PEDN nebe komesa husi 19 de Abril hahu’u iha Sub-Distritu Tutuala no taka iha 11 de Septembro 2010 iha Sub-Distritu Laulara, (Lao Hamutuk, 2010) ne’e sufisiente kalae atu hodi hakerek saida mak povu miliaun ida nian hakarak kona ba oinsa atu hadiak sira nian moris.
Iha kritika seluk mak Hakerek-Nain hakarak konsidera katak Yasuko Nagai laos ema rai nain Papua Nova Guinea, maibe eis Primeiru Ministro V governu konstitusional, ne’e Rai Nain Timor Nian nebe mak uluk lao lemorai duni hodi lidera funu no re-organiza forsa gerileirus hodi kontra inimigo. Entaun konsultasaun nee tuir ema balun karik la persija halo ona maibe karik tamba presaun komunidade internasional nian no hodi prense rekizita padraun internasional entaun persija duni eis Primeiru Ministru V governu konstitusional hodi tun ba baze. No bazeia ba observasaun husi NGO Lao Hamutuk (2010) iha fatin balun hanesan iha sub-distritu Laulara, konsultasaun halao to’o tuku rua dadersan. Eventu nee hatudu katak dala ruma Ministro sira iha V governu konstitusional laiha duni kapasidade hodi ba esklarese Planu Estratejiku Dezenvolvementu Nasional 2011-2030, tan nee mak eis Primeru Ministro rasik mak tun ba baze.
Konkluzasaun
Kolia no deskuti kona ba planu dezenvolvementu nasaun ida nian bai-bain ajensia internasional sira mak iha interese bot liu. Atu alkansa mehi ida nebe liberta povo husi mukit no kiak sei la to’o deit ho hakerek dokumentu ho pagina atus ba atus. Ita mos la persija kestiona se mak lidera prosesu konsultasaun sekuandu finalmente planu hirak nee sei la sai realidade. Scientista, scholar, ka akademiku barak mak gosta interpreta ema seluk nian interpretasaun no faan sira nian theoria hodi sustenta sira nian moris. Movementu sociadade civil no estudante sira persija iha diskusaun barak liu tan kona ba asuntu ida nee. Hakerek-Nain mos rekunyese mos katak, adopta karakteristiku epistomologista sira nian hodi halo interpretasaun ba iha Orador nian material diskusaun. Liafuan ikus Hakerek-Nain hakarak hato’o kmanek wain ba Orador nebe ho boa vontade ida ke’e a’as tebes hakarak mai fahe kunyesementu ho kolegas no alin sira iha Diskusaun Fulan Naroman nee.
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